Glycosuria and Diabetes Mellitus

Glycosuria and Diabetes Mellitus:

In addition to diabetes, many kidney diseases, endocrine and metabolic diseases and other stress factors can also cause diabetes

1. Renal glycosuria: congenital anomalies or acquired diseases of the kidney can reduce the renal glucose threshold. Even if the blood glucose is not high, glycosuria can also occur.
2. Hepatogenic glycosuria: various serious liver diseases, with obvious impairment of liver function, can not convert glucose into liver glycogen for storage, and appear postprandial glycosuria and abnormal glucose tolerance.
3. Endocrine and metabolic diseases can cause abnormal glucose tolerance and glycosuria: the common ones are hyperthyroidism, hypercortisolism, gigantism and acromegaly, pheochromocytoma, glucagon tumor, etc., and the serious ones can have secondary diabetes.
4. Nourishing glycosuria: some factors lead to rapid absorption of glucose in food after eating, and blood glucose rises significantly. When it exceeds the renal glucose threshold, glycosuria can occur. For example, dumping syndrome after gastroduodenojejunostomy, etc., but some nourishing glycosuria may be the manifestation of early diabetes, which should be paid attention to by patients and their families.
5. Stress glycosuria: under certain stress conditions, such as cerebrovascular disease, trauma, surgery, etc., a large amount of adrenal glucocorticoid secretion can increase by more than 10 times, and antagonize the normal physiological function of insulin, so that blood glucose increases, and urine glucose occurs. Some patients have no obvious symptoms in the early stage of diabetes, and can become typical clinical diabetes under stress.
6. Gestational diabetes mellitus: some women have reduced renal glucose threshold during pregnancy, may have a small amount of diabetes mellitus, which can return to normal after delivery, and should be differentiated from gestational diabetes mellitus.
7. Non glucose glycosuria: most of them are congenital genetic diseases, such as galactonuria, fructonuria, pentosuria, etc. generally, the existing urine glucose determination methods are not easy to detect these substances, so the urine glucose qualitative is mostly negative, while ban reagent can detect some of the above substances, showing a positive response, also known as pseudoglycosuria.
8. Pseudoglycosuria: in addition to the above factors, vitamin C, salicylic acid, etc. can cause false positive reaction in urine.

Because urine sugar test paper is often used to detect urine sugar, the method used is glucose oxidase method. Generally, false positive reaction can be avoided.

To use a urine sugar test paper, follow these steps:

1. Wash Your Hands: Ensure your hands are clean to avoid contamination of the sample.
2. Collect the Urine Sample: Use a clean, dry container to collect a urine sample. Midstream urine is typically recommended for accurate results.
3. Dip the Test Strip: Remove a test strip from the bottle and immediately reseal the bottle to prevent exposure to air and moisture, which can affect the test strip’s sensitivity. Dip the test strip into the urine sample for the time specified in the manufacturer’s instructions (usually a few seconds).
4. Remove and Blot: After dipping, remove the test strip and gently blot it on the edge of the container to remove excess urine. Be careful not to smear the test area.
5. Compare the Color: Hold the test strip against the color chart provided with the test strips. Match the color change on the test strip to the colors on the chart within the time frame specified by the manufacturer (usually within a minute).
6. Read the Results: The color chart will indicate the corresponding sugar levels. Typically, a negative result (no sugar) will show no color change or a very light color, while positive results (indicating the presence of sugar) will show progressively darker colors corresponding to different levels of sugar in the urine.
7. Dispose of the Test Strip: Properly dispose of the used test strip and wash your hands again to maintain hygiene.

Always follow the specific instructions provided with your test strips, as slight variations in technique can occur between different brands and types of test strips. If you have any questions or concerns about the results, consult your healthcare provider.

Primary and secondary diabetes

1. Primary diabetes mellitus. Generally speaking, the commonly referred to diabetes mellitus is primary diabetes mellitus. The etiology and mechanism of this group of diabetes mellitus are not completely clear, so the word “primary” is used in medicine, including type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus.
2. Secondary diabetes. According to the latest etiological classification principle recommended by who, this type of diabetes is specific, which means that there are specific causes of disease, including 8 factors: pancreatic islets β Cell function gene deletion; Gene deletion of insulin action; Pancreatic diseases (pancreatitis, tumor, cystic fibrosis, trauma or surgery, etc.); Endocrine disease, similar to the factors causing the above-mentioned diabetes; Drugs or chemical poisons; Infection; Uncommon immunomodulatory diabetes; Other genetic diseases are accompanied by diabetes. This group of diabetes is caused by a specific primary disease, which is a secondary manifestation of the primary disease, so the word “secondary” was usually used in the past.

At present, the concepts of “primary diabetes mellitus” and “secondary glycogen disease” have rarely been applied in the etiological classification of diabetes.